Assignment Task
Task
Aim
The aim of this laboratory work is to gain stronger understanding of Thevenin and Norton theorems through circuit simulation.
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Thevenin theorem
A linear two-terminal (A-B) circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTH in series with a resistor RTH, where
- VTH is the open-circuit voltage at A-B, and
- RTH is the equivalent resistance as seen from A-B, with the independent sources turned off (i .e. voltage sources are short-circuited while current sources are open-circuited).
Norton theorem
A linear two-terminal (A-B) circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where
- IN is the short-circuit current which flows from A to B when the terminals A-Bare shorted, and
- RN is the equivalent resistance as seen from A-B, with the independent sources turned off (i.e. voltage
sources are short-circuited while current sources are open-circuited).
Note: RTH = RN & IN = VTH / RTH
Required Software
1. Multisim Live
Experiment
1) Using Multisim Live, construct the circuit in Figure 1. Remember to ground your circuit at all times.
2) Thevenin voltage (VTH) is the open-circuit voltage across nodes A-B in Figure 1.
Theoretically calculate the value of VTH.
To measure VTH using Multisim Live, follow the following procedure:
a. Remove RL and open circuit nodes A-B.
b. If RL is removed, R4 can also be removed as the nodes A-B are open circuited.
c. Go to “Analysis and Annotation”. Select the “Voltage” probe. Place one probe at node X and another one at node Y.
d. Hit “Play” button.
e. VTH is the difference between the voltages at node X and node Y.
Compare and analyse the theoretically calculated and measured values of VTH.
3) RTH is the resistance seen across nodes A-B in Figure 1 with VIN removed. Theoretically calculate the value of RTH.
4) Norton’s current (IN) is the current flowing through nodes A-B in Figure 1, with A-B shorted.
Theoretically calculate the value of IN.
To measure the IN using Multisim Live, follow the following procedure:
a. Remove RL and replace it with a wire to short circuit nodes A-B.
b. Go to “Analysis and Annotation”. Select the “Current” probe. Place one probe at node A.
c. Hit “Play” button.
d. IN is the short-circuit current from the probe flowing through the shorted nodes A-B.
Compare and analyse the theoretically calculated and measured values of IN.
5) With the circuit in Figure 1, we now look at the value of current, IL, through the load resistor, RL, and the value of voltage, VL, across the load resistor, RL.
Theoretically calculate the values of IL and VL.
To measure VL and IL using Multisim Live, follow the following procedure:
a. Go to “Analysis and Annotation”. Select the “Voltage and Current” probe. Place one probe at node A and another one at node B.
b. Hit “Play” button.
c. The value of IL will the current value at the probe location either at node X or node Y. They should be identical.
d. The voltage across RL, VL, should be the difference between the probe voltage at node X and probe voltage at node Y.
Compare and analyse the theoretically calculated and measured values of IL and VL.
Calculate the power dissipated by RL from your measured values of IL and VL from Multisim Live.
6) Replace RL with 10k? resistor and then a 100k?. For each of the case:
- Measure the current, IL, through RL using Multisim Live. Follow steps given in Part 5.
- Measure the voltage, VL, across RL using Multisim Live. Follow steps given in Part 5.
- Calculate the power dissipated by RL.
How does the power dissipated by RL varied as resistance values changed from 4.7k?, 10k? through to 100k??
What is the maximum power possibly dissipated by the RL? What is the value of RL at which this happens? Analyse, explain and justify your answer.
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